Archives for September 2017

September 15, 2017 by Kids Chatter Speech Pathology

8 ways to use picture books to help develop early language skills

How to read picture books for early language development mum and toddler reading

Some of the best memories I have as a child is the fun sleep overs at my grandparents’ place. Nanna would spoil us with a yummy dinner followed by ice cream sandwiches, literally ice cream squished between two wafer biscuits. Never will I forget the packets of lollies, (typically the natural confectionary snakes) she would hand us at the end of our sleep over. I can also remember the times that she would read us a bedtime story and my Pa would act out some of the characters’ voices and make me giggle in delight to no end. These are cherished memories that I won’t forget and now looking back, I realise how lucky I was to have been exposed to such a rich experience using books, stories and language. And now as an aunty, I try to read to my niece as often as I can as I love reading story books with her and enjoy that special time together.

For those of you who have kids, grandkids or nieces and nephews of your own, I’m sure you’ve heard it said many times that you should read to your kids from a very young age as it helps with their learning and development. As a Speech Pathologist, I give this advice to parents often so that they can help develop their children’s early language skills. However, the common responses I usually receive from parents is that they say things like “he/she gets bored”, “they can’t sit still and listen to the whole book” or “he/she won’t answer questions when I ask them about it”. Does this sound like your children? Or some parents are worried that they’re just not sure HOW to read to their children and make it fun, interesting and to help them with their language development. Fear not! You’re not the only one! Sometimes for little children, sitting through a whole book and listening to the story is just too hard, and reading to children can be quite an “art form” in some cases. But don’t worry, there are plenty of ways to use picture books to help your child understand and learn language, without having to read it cover to cover while also making it enjoyable and not feel like a chore.

Benefits of using pictures books to develop early language skills

Reading picture books to young children has multiple benefits for both you and your child.

You have quality time that you get to enjoy with each other.
Reading can help develop children’s love for books and will help to increase their imagination skills.
Story books can often be a springboard into helping children learn their letters, sounds and some basic written words.
For younger children, picture books are a great tool to help children develop early language skills, particularly for children who are ‘late talkers’, but also kids with typically developing or advanced language skills.
By modelling language for children to hear whilst showing them the items in a book, it allows them to more easily link meanings to words.

Although most picture books that are targeted at the younger ages are quite short stories already, you don’t have to read a story from beginning to end if your child isn’t up to sitting through a whole book. Picture books can be used to target multiple areas of language with even just a few pages, and you can work on a variety of goals depending on your child’s needs. So below are 8 different ways that picture books can be used to help develop your child’s early language skills.

1. Build up vocabulary (nouns)

Children need to learn words to be able to label things around them and refer to them by the words we all know. Using pictures is a great way to do this as we don’t always have every type of object around the house to teach kids using the real item, so this is where pictures are great. In the book, point to items/objects on the page and label them for your child to hear. Tell them the names of the animals and also talk about the different sounds they make. For example, say “Look, can you see the cow? There’s the cow. Cow. The cow says moo”. See if your child can say the word “cow” and if they can’t, get them to imitate the sound it makes (moo). This is great to do with children who are late talkers or those who are just learning to talk. Showing items and labelling the picture with spoken words can help children connect the picture/object with the word. If you are modelling new words, make sure you REPEAT REPEAT REPEAT. Say the word multiple times for children to hear. Repetition is key to learning these new words.

2. Learn action words (verbs)

Who has heard the rule “every sentence has to have a verb” when growing up? I’m sure most of you would be familiar with this. And it is true! Every complete sentence has to include a verb (action word) for it to be considered a sentence. However, verbs are the types of words that a lot of parents don’t always think to model to their kids. It’s easy to tell them the words of things (nouns), but the verbs are often neglected. And to help children move on from saying single words to using 2 – 3 word phrases, they need to become familiar with using verbs in their vocabulary too.

Use your picture books to teach your child verbs. The characters in the story are always doing something, so label the actions for your child to hear and if possible, model the actual action too. For example, you could point to the picture and say “baby is clapping, clap, clap, clap” and then model the action for your child to see and for them to copy. This will help your child to learn early sentence structure like noun + verb such as “mummy eat”, “daddy kick”, “boy is swimming”. Drawing attention to lots of action words will help your little ones increase their use of phrases and sentences.

3. Learn describing words (adjectives)

Children’s picture books are often very visual and colourful with lots of details in the illustrations. You can use these pictures to label and model the things/items and use lots of describing words. Describing words can include things like colour, size, shape etc. For example, when pointing to a picture of a cat you can say “Cat! He has black fur, he is so fluffy. Look at his pointy ears and long tail”. Children learn language through listening to others, so the more you model your language with lots of describing words the easier it will be for your child to use describing words in their own language and also increase the length of their sentences beyond just single words.

In this video, Speech Pathologist Monique Speakman goes through some examples of how to use picture books to help with early language development. Click here to buy your own copy of the Where is the Green Sheep book.

4. Expand object knowledge

This means we can use picture books to talk about the function of an object – how is it used or what is it used for? We can name the objects on the page and talk about them, for example, “soap – that’s for getting nice and clean”, “gloves – they keep our hands warm when it’s cold outside”, “clock – that tells us the time”. Being able to identify objects and understand what they are used for makes it easier for children to understand what the items/objects are and why they need them.

5. Understanding and answering questions

Picture books are great for developing children’s understanding and answering of questions. Ask questions relating to the objects or characters within the book. We can vary the questions (who, what, where, when, why and how). For younger children aged between 1 – 2 years, ask more simple questions like “what is that?” or “where is the sheep”? As children get older (3 – 5 years of age) they begin to understand more complex questions like “why is he running away?”, “how do you know the duck is feeling sad?”. This will help to expand your child’s knowledge of positions/locations using where questions, or cause and effect using why and how questions. Picture books are a great way to practise answering different questions.

6. Learn correct use of pronouns (he/she his/hers, they)

If this is your goal, pick a book that has a couple of characters (both boys and girls). Again, point to the picture and model the correct pronoun. For example, “she is a girl, she is brushing her hair”. “He is a boy, that is his room”. Remember to REPEAT REPEAT and REPEAT the words so children have the opportunity to hear it and learn it for themselves.

Children are made readers, in the laps of their parents

7. Fill in the blank technique

How often do your kids ask you to read the same story over and over again? Kids often have their favourites and although you may be getting sick of reading it every night, it’s wonderful when children want to hear the same story as you know that they will be engaged and will listen to you. But what it also means is that each time you read it again and again, they learn something new that they may not have picked up on the previous times. So they are continuously seeing and learning new things because they can are so familiar with most of the story already, that they can take in different parts of the story with each subsequent reading of it. They don’t need to worry about a huge amount of brand new information that is sometimes too much for one little brain to absorb in just one time of hearing a new story.

Repetition of the same story also creates the opportunity for your child to “fill in the blank”. You do this by reading the story and purposely leave out one word at the end of a sentence and wait for your child to tell you what that word should be. Take a nursery rhyme as an example; if you sing “twinkle, twinkle little……….” you know you that you just want to fill in the blank and say “star” (I bet you were singing the tune in your head too like I was!). You know the missing word because you’re so familiar with this nursery rhyme and for kids, it’s the same too, when they’ve heard it enough. Use this technique to get your child to use spoken words with predictable answers and help them grow their vocabulary and language.

8. Increase children’s ability to create and tell stories

Once children are using lots of words, encourage them to make up their own stories. You can start with simply seeing if they can fill in the words of a story they know well, or finish off your sentence (fill in the blank as per above example). This encourages them to start using their own words and start creating their own sentences. Older children may be able to predict what is going to happen next in the story or create their own ending. So even after you finish reading the story, ask them “what will happen next?” There is no real right or wrong answer here as they can make it up, as long as their response makes sense based on the existing story.

Another great task to practise creating your own stories, is to pick two characters out of the picture book and create a whole new story together. They don’t have to write the words themselves, but they could draw the pictures to create a new book and have your child tell the new story to other people in your family. Or they can use soft toys such as this fluffy green sheep to create their own version of the story.

There you have it! 8 different ways to use picture books to help develop early language skills and it doesn’t require you sitting down for ages reading cover to cover! Now that you know how to use a book to help develop early language skills, pull out those books from the shelves and give it a go. Remember, reading with your child doesn’t always have to be about completing the whole story, you can use the pictures to talk about anything and everything. Model lots of language for your child to hear and learn. And most of all, when reading to your children, make it fun! Put on those funny character voices, make those silly faces and really engage your child. Happy reading!

Have you got a favourite picture book? Please share what you and your kids love to read so we can all get to know new favourites to add to our collections!

Monique Speakman
BA, MSpPathSt, CPSP, MSPA
Speech Language Pathologist

Monique Speakman is a Paediatric Speech Pathologist in Brisbane with over 14 years experience, mother of a son and twin daughters, business owner and blogger. She aims to educate parents about child development and communication through the Kids Chatter Speech Pathology Blog and Facebook Page and to provide information and tips on anything to do with Speech Pathology.

We are a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. All opinions are my own.

September 1, 2017 by Kids Chatter Speech Pathology

Help! Nobody Understands My Child’s Speech!

How Clear Should a Child’s Speech Be?

My daughter was 3 years old when I found her upset and crying in her room. I asked her what was wrong, expecting her to tell me that she had hurt herself or her twin sister had done something to annoy her, but she said through her streaming tears “I tan’t bind my tow” and she was absolutely distraught. What she was trying to tell me, was that she couldn’t find her cow, her beloved soft toy that she sleeps with every night.

How many times have you heard your child mispronounce a word? I’m sure every parent will put their hand up and will probably be able to tell you a list of some of the funny things their kids have said. There are tons of videos floating around the internet with kids mispronouncing words like the classic “truck” being mispronounced as a certain swear word. We all find them funny and can usually have a good laugh, but at what point, do you worry that your child’s speech errors are not just funny anymore and actually a sign that there might be a problem with their speech development?

If your child is still mispronouncing words, it doesn’t necessarily mean that it’s a problem as speech errors are a normal part of speech development while kids are learning to talk. But let me help you work out when those speech errors are considered part of normal development and at what point they may not be anymore. Below, you will find a list of ages and stages when it comes to specific speech sound development and when certain errors are expected to resolve on their own, including a free download that you can keep for your own reference.

What is speech?

Before we get into the specific speech errors and their development, I want to ensure that we are all talking about the same topic as there can sometimes be a bit of confusion. When I’m referring to SPEECH development, I mean the speech SOUNDS that children say that has to do with their overall clarity of speech – how well you can understand what they’re saying. LANGUAGE development has to do with a child’s ability to understand and use words (how many words they are saying i.e. vocabulary), follow instructions, put grammatically correct words together to form sentences etc. Many parents think that speech and language are one and the same thing, but they are in fact two very different things (which I’ll talk about in a future blog). So in this blog, we’re talking about the speech sounds, the overall clarity of a child’s speech when they’re talking.

Why do children have speech errors?

The act of using spoken words to communicate is actually quite a difficult skill for children to learn. When babies are born, their main form of communication is by crying. This eventually turns into making noises and babbling and ultimately they start to say words that match what we as adults use every day. We probably take for granted as to how hard this process can actually be. The precise tongue, lip, teeth and jaw movements that we have to use to make certain speech sounds, is a fine art that most of us have perfected, but young toddlers and children are just starting out to learn this skill when they first start to talk. So it is perfectly normal for children to have speech errors when they’re young as they’re working out how to make the sounds. Some speech sounds like /m/, /b/ and /d/ are much easier for children to learn, hence why they tend to develop first, but other sounds like /s/, /r/ and /th/ are much harder and typically develop much later. This is normal! Not every speech sound will be correct from the time children start to talk, because some sounds are simply more difficult to produce and will take more time to learn. It’s when speech errors are still happening after certain ages and/or multiple errors are occurring, that it may become a cause for concern.

What causes speech errors?

In most cases, we don’t know what causes a child’s speech errors. Unless there’s a known disability such as Cerebral Palsy where the muscle movement and strength is affected or children who are born with an anatomical problem such as a Cleft Palate, we don’t always have a clear answer for why some children have speech errors that don’t resolve on their own whereas other children go on to develop clear speech without intervention. In this blog, I’m referring to those kids who do not have a known diagnosis/disability that would be contributing to their ability to learn speech sounds.

What is normal in a child’s speech sound development?

If you often find yourself having to translate your child’s speech for another person, or perhaps even an older sibling is translating for them, then that’s probably a good indicator that your child’s speech is unclear. Parents, particularly us mums more so than dads (sorry dads, I’m not having a go at you), but more often than not, mums hear their child’s speech all day, every day, so we are much more familiar with our child’s speech than strangers, or family members and friends who don’t see your child every single day. So we don’t always realise how unclear our child’s speech may be to others because we don’t notice it as much. So, if you’re always translating for your kids, take that as a sign that this may need some further investigating by a Speech Pathologist.

As I mentioned before, it is very normal for young children to make speech errors while they’re learning to talk, but let’s look at the overall clarity, or what is also known as speech intelligibility, that we expect at certain ages. Below shows the percentages of how much a stranger i.e. someone who is not familiar with your child’s speech, should be able to understand.

By 1 year of age, an unfamiliar person should be able to understand 25% of a child’s speech
By 2 years of age, an unfamiliar person should be able to understand 50% of a child’s speech
By 3 years of age, an unfamiliar person should be able to understand 75% of a child’s speech
By 4 years of age, an unfamiliar person should be able to understand 100% of a child’s speech

Flipsen, P., Jr. (2006). Measuring the intelligibility of conversational speech in children. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics. 20(4), 202-312.

Now, that does NOT mean that your child doesn’t have speech errors, all it means is that those errors, aren’t impacting too much on us being able to understand what they’re trying to say. For example, if a child said “tan I pwease have some duice?” you know that they’re saying “can I please have some juice?”. There are 3 speech errors in that sentence, but you can still quite easily make out what he/she was trying to say.

The overall intelligibility of a child’s speech can be affected by their age as younger children typically make more speech errors than older children, but the number of errors a child makes as well as the type of errors can also affect this. There are typical errors that we expect to see in speech development that follows common patterns, but when children make unusual or atypical errors, or they are using multiple errors, that’s when their overall clarity will be decreased even further. There are also different types of speech disorders that children may have. They can have an Articulation Disorder, a Phonological Disorder or some children may have a diagnosis of Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS), which is a motor based speech disorder. CAS is quite rare so we will discuss this in more detail in a future blog and for now, we’ll focus on the two most common speech disorders that we see in our Indooroopilly clinic on a daily basis.

What is an Articulation Disorder?

An articulation disorder is where children have difficulties saying a speech sound in isolation. It’s usually due to the incorrect placement of their articulators (tongue, lips, teeth, jaw) which results in a distorted production of the sound. Articulation errors are NOT considered part of typical speech development and may not always resolve on their own. An interdental lisp is an example of an articulation disorder as the tongue sticks out between the teeth when saying the /s/ or /z/ sounds when it should stay behind closed teeth.

The table below shows the ages by which specific speech sounds should have developed. If your child is not yet saying certain sounds by the listed ages or is not producing them correctly, please seek advice from a Speech Pathologist as these children usually require speech therapy intervention to help in correctly saying their sounds.

What is a Phonological Disorder?

The other common speech disorder we see in our clinic is a phonological disorder. This is where children often CAN say the individual speech sounds, but when they are saying words and sentences, they are swapping some of their sounds to another sound, or they are deleting sounds in their words. Common ones that you have probably heard children say is “wabbit” instead of “rabbit” or when they’re counting, young kids will often say “one, two, fwee, bour, bibe”. What about “nake” instead of “snake” and “boon” instead of “spoon”.

Sound familiar?

These are all very common and normal errors that we see in kids, up until a certain age. When children continue to use these errors beyond the expected ages, that’s when it would be considered a phonological delay and more often than not, children will need to see a Speech Pathologist to help correct these errors as they do not always grow out of this on their own.

When children produce atypical/unusual phonological processes, that’s when it is a phonological disorder as they are using errors that we do NOT typically expect to see in speech development. For example, children using a process called backing, which is where they produce a sound like /t/ and /d/ and swap it to a /k/ and /g/, so “turtle” become “kurkle” or “dinner” becomes “ginner”, it is a much bigger concern because is it not part of normal speech development. Another pattern that some children will use is called initial consonant deletion, which means that they are deleting the first consonant sounds in all of their words. So for example, “dog” becomes “og” and “car” becomes “ar”. If you hear a child using these errors, it is highly recommended to see a Speech Pathologist as those errors should not occur at any age and they will also significantly affect a child’s overall clarity of speech.

For a full list of phonological speech errors that children make, download our free speech chart here. This chart lists the ages of when we expect those errors to disappear. So if you hear your child making any of the errors and they are older than the age listed and/or they are using multiple phonological errors, please seek advice from a Speech Pathologist.

Do children grow out of speech errors on their own or do all children need speech therapy?

A lot of children will figure out a lot of the speech sounds over time and may correct their errors without any intervention, however, this is not the case for all children. As mentioned above, it all depends on a child’s age, the type of errors and how many errors they make as to whether or not speech therapy is warranted. And if you have any concerns yourself, the best thing you can do is ask a Speech Pathologist for advice as speech development is a very complex process.

The most important piece of advice I can give you though, is not to ignore speech errors and just assume that children will grow out of it, because not all children do. If left untreated, speech sound errors can affect a child’s phonological awareness, reading, spelling and writing skills and can also have a huge impact on their confidence, social skills in the playground with their friends, withdrawal from educational tasks such as not wanting to speak in front of their peers or asking/answering questions, or having difficulties making new friends in fear of being ridiculed or bullied.

Thankfully, there are lots of things a Speech Pathologist can do to help your child to prevent ongoing speech difficulties, but it starts with listening to your child’s speech and taking action on seeking advice from a Speech Pathologist when their errors are not resolving on their own. Remember to download your free copy of our speech chart and contact us if you have questions or concerns about your child’s speech.